SRV-00 · laboratory
Bowditch, stadia, GPS PDOP, map scale and error propagation.
Watch on YouTube
Free library
Full libraryFree PDF / open book
YouTube channels
25 governing sheets
Distribute latitude/departure closures in proportion to length.
TraversingD = k s cos²α + C cos α.
TacheometryPDOP ≈ √(σE²+σN²+σU²)/σUERE.
GNSSGround distance = map distance × denominator S.
CartographyσD = √(σE² + σN²) for independent plane coordinates.
Error theoryΔh = BS − FS on a level line.
Levellinge = √(Ex²+Ey²), precision = e / perimeter.
TraversingD = √(ΔE² + ΔN²) on a projected grid.
CoordinatesD = k s + C. k = f/i ≈ 100, s the staff intercept, C the additive constant.
TacheometryPDOP = √(σE²+σN²+σU²)/σUERE. Geometry multiplies the user-equivalent range error.
GNSSRF = d / D = 1 : (D/d). Ground distance D for map distance d.
MapsσD = √(σE² + σN²) for D from a ΔE, ΔN pair, first-order.
ErrorsΔh = BS − FS. Rise and fall; a loop misclosure is ΣΔh around the circuit.
LevellingΔN = L cos θ, ΔE = L sin θ. Whole-circle bearing from north.
TraverseE = E0 + ΔE, N = N0 + ΔN. A new station from a known one.
Coordinatesσ = a + b·D. Static GNSS: a in mm, b in ppm of the baseline D.
GNSSH = f B / p. Air base B, focal length f, parallax p of a point.
PhotogrammetryA = (h/2)(a + b). Two parallel offsets and the interval h.
AreaV = (h/6)(A1 + 4 Am + A2). End areas plus a mid-section.
VolumeN = h − H. Ellipsoidal height minus orthometric (levelled) height.
Geodesyγ ≈ Δλ sin φ. Grid north vs true north, first-order on a TM projection.
GeodesyTN = MN + δ. True bearing from magnetic bearing and declination (east positive).
CompassH = S cos α, Δh = S sin α. Slope distance S, vertical angle α.
EDMc = D² / (2 R). How much a level line drops below the horizontal tangent.
LevellingCorrection on a side ∝ its length. δE_i = − (ℓ_i / Σℓ) ΔE.
Survey